Antioxidant Properties of Medicinal Plants: A Review

Krupanidhi AM^*, Prakash Dabadi, Anusha MM, Deepika BV, Sameera HR, Srinivas G and Soundarya R ^*Correspondence: Krupanidhi AM, Department of Pharmacology, Bapuji Pharmacy College, Karnataka, India, Email:

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Introduction

The recent advances in biology’s understanding of free radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are emerging in a medic al revolution that promises a new transformation of health and illness control. Electromagnetic radiation, cosmic radiation, UV-light, ozone, cigarette smoking and low wavelength electromagnetic radiation transport chain and β-oxidation of fat are examples of external sources of reactive oxygen species. Oxidants on the other hand, assault macromolecules such as protein, DNA, and lipids, causing cellular/tissue damage.

Antioxidants are chemicals that dispose free radical species, scavenge them, suppress their synthesis of formation of those free radicals, or oppose their action. There is an optimal pro-oxidant: Antioxidant equilibrium in a normal cell. When the production of oxygen species is boosted or antioxidant levels are depleted, however this equilibrium can be changed towards the pro-oxidant. This is referred to as “oxidative stress,” and it can cause substantial cell damage if the stress is severe or continuous. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), the most prevalent oral cancer, has a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms and accounts for more than 90% of all oral malignancies (Hema KN, et al., 2017). Exogenous and endogenous antioxidants typically work together to achieve a balance between antioxidation protection and oxidant generation, which is thought to be vital in maintaining a healthy biological system (Dias TR, et al., 2020). Increased levels of oxidants/Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) make a path for oxidative stress, which has been linked to the creation of a wide range of chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular and periodontal disorders (Pampani P, et al., 2021). Herbal antioxidants have been successfully used as rejuvenators in Indian systems of alternative medicine for several millennia. Several studies have demonstrated that various herbal remedies include a variety of compounds, many of which have antibacterial and radical scavenging characteristics that can protect the human body against infections as well as cellular oxidation events (Parham S, et al., 2020). Rasaynas are a type of non-toxic polyherbal medical preparation that boosts immunity, prevents illness, and promotes health and life.

Literature Review

This review includes a brief description of a report on plants with antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic potential. This review deals with the antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants such as Bauhinia purpurea, Morus alba L, Caesalpinia sappan L, Nannochloropsis oculata, Gracilaria gracilis, Aspargus racemosus, Arisaema jacquemontii, Zingiber officinale, Cocculus hiesutus, Benincasahispida,Sonchusasper,Glycyrrhizaglabra.

Bauhinia purpurea (l) bark

Synonym: Orchid tree, purple bauhinia, camel’s foot (PFAF, 2021).

Family: Fabaceae

Chemical constituents: Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, fatty alcohol, acid, and aster, glycerol’s, phenols chromone, sugar (Kuo YH and Yeh MH, 1997).

Medicinal and antioxidant property: Antidiabetic, antimalarial, antifungal, antimycobacterium, antimicrobial, anti-diarrheal, antiepileptic, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-hyperlippidemic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, amelioration of hyperthyroidism, fibrolytic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity, wound healing, nephroprotective. The antioxidant activity was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydroxyl solution (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the in vitro studies showed considerably antioxidant activity, mainly based a scavenging of oxygen radicals. These flavonoids mainly inhibit of low-density lipoproteins oxidation, likely due to their reductive capacity and protein-binding properties. Hence Bauhinia purpurea are to be claimed as good antioxidant properties (Vijayan R, et al., 2019; Shajiselvin CD, et al., 2011) (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Bauhinia purpurea flowers

Asparagus racemosus linn (shatavari)

Synonym: Satavar, shatavari, shatamull (Bhat HP, et al., 2015).

Family: Asparagaceae

Chemical constituents: Asparagus are a group of steroidal saponins. It also consists number of vitamins such as A, B1, B2, C, E, Mg, P, Ca, Fe and folic acid. Other constituents of asparagus are essential oils, asparagine, arginine, tyrosine, flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin and rutin), resin and tannin (Chauhan M, 2019).

Medicinal and antioxidant property: The crude drugs of asparagus roots are mainly used for increasing the secretion of milk and for improve the appetite in lactating women. It’s also useful in dysentery, tumors, inflammation, biliousness, leprosy, epilepsy, and night blindness. In unani system roots are used as laxatives, tonic, aphrodisiac, galactagogue and in disease of kidney and liver. Asparagus racem- osus are also used against jaundice. It is widely used as antioxidant, anti-stress effect, anti-ulcer, and wound healing property (Figures 2a and 2b).

Figure 2a: Asparagus racemosus roots

Figure 2b: Asparagus racemosus leaves

Antioxidant properties of this plant have become a vast interest due to their possible uses as natural additives to substitute synthetic ones. Thus, the result obtained in the present study showed that the methonolic extract of the root of Asparagus racemosus contains the maximum antioxidant compound which can scavenge different Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and free radicals under in vitro conditions (Chauhan M, 2019; Karuna DS, et al., 2017; Visavadiya NP and Narasimhacharya AVRL, 2009; Singla R and Jaitak V, 2014).

Glycyrrhizaglabra

Synonym: Liquorice, black sugar

Family: Fabaceae

Chemical constituents: The triterpene saponins are the major characteristic constituents of liquorice, being responsible for sweet taste. Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhiric acid, yellow colour is due to flavonoid content such as flavanones, flavones, flavanonols, chalcones, isoflavans, isoflavenes, isoflavones and isoflavanones.The major flavonoids are glucosides of liguiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin such as liquirtin, isoliquiritin, liquiritin apioside and licuraside. Some phenolic compounds are also present. Many volatile components are geraniol, pentanol, hexanol, teroinen-4-ol and α-terpineol. G. glabra is also rich in propionic acid, benzoic acid, furfuraldehyde, 2,3-butanediol, furfuryl formate, maltol, 1-methyl-2-formylpyrrole and trimethylpyrazine (Batiha GS, et al., 2020).

Medicinal and antioxidant property: The extracts are used in food and pharmaceutical industries, also in the manufacture of functional foods and food supplements. It’s also used as traditional Chinese medicine; it’s used for the treatment of gastrointestinal problems, cough, bronchitis, and arthritis and widely used to treat gastritis, peptic ulcers, respiratory infections, and tremors in folk medicine. Used as food additives that is as flavors and sweetening agents and used as flavoring agent for American type tobacco, chewing gum, candies, baked goods, ice cream, and soft drinks. It’s also used as beer and fire extinguishers, and skin depigmentation agent (Figures 3a and 3b). Total antioxidant activity determination by ferric thiocyanate method, Ferric cyanide (Fe³⁺) Reducing Antioxidant Power assay (FRAP), Cupric Ions (Cu²⁺) reducing power-cupric assay, chelating activity on ferrous ions (Fe²⁺), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical decolourization assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, measurement of DMPD and scavenging ability (Murray MT, 2020).

Figure 3a: Glycyrrhiza glabra bark

Figure 3b: Glycyrrhiza glabra flowers

Morus alba l. (tut)

Synonym: White mulberry (The plant list, 2012).

Family: Moraceae

Chemical constituents: Tut fruits contain phenolics and flavonoids contents, vitamin, fat (mainly linolic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid) and minerals, and its leaves have fixed oil, carbohydrate, protein, tannin, alkaloids, sterol, flavonoids, glycosides and saponin (Chen CY, et al., 2020; Yang Y, et al., 2014).

Medicinal and antioxidant property: Fruits, root and stem barks and leaves of Tut plant have been used in the treatment of inflammation, jaundice and hepatitis, cancer, diabetes, dislipidemia, diarrhea, dyspepsia, edema, fever, headache, hypertension, purgative, anthelminthic and wounds (Figure 4). Leaves of Tut plant have been reported to use in the treatment of depression, anxiety, cerebral ischemia, hepatic disease, cancer, diabetes, dislipidemia and ulcer. The extract was tested by studying the inhibition of radiation induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. It shows activity through free radical scavenging property (Wang W, et al., 2012; Przeor M, et al., 2020; Kim DS, et al., 2014).

Figure 4: Morus alba leaves and fruits

Caesalpinia sappan L

Synonym: Biancaea sappan L(Flowers of India, 2021; India biodiversity, 2021)

Family: Caesalpiniaceae

Chemical constituents: There are nine components isolated from heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. They are brazilein, t-lyoniresinol, stearic acid, stigmasterol, E-3,3-dimethyoxy-4,4-dihydroxystilbene,(-)-syfingaresinol, protosappanin A, and brazilide (Zhao N, et al., 2020).

Medicinal and antioxidant property: Used in the treatment of non-specific leucorrhoea (Post IUD). It helps in stopping bleeding following IUD insertions. It’s used in the preparation of toothpaste and tooth powder in India. It is a powerful astringent, haemostatic, healing properties which help in stopping bleeding in gums and use gives firmness and strength to the gums and hence, it is useful in mobile teeth, aphthous ulcers, and stomatitis and gum erosions. It is used as constipating, sedative, astringent, frigerant, depurative. It is useful in witiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, wounds, ulcers, leprosy, skin diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, epilepsy, convulsions, menorrhagia, leucorrhea, diabetes, haemoptysis, haemorrhages, stomatopathy and odontopathy. It is used in blood vitalizing activity and used in the treatment of toxic side effects resulting from radiation and chemotherapy (Figures 5a and 5b).

Figure 5a: Caesalpinia sappan trunk and leaves

Figure 5b: Caesalpinia sappan flowers and buds

It is used for disturbances of menstrual functions. It also acts as antimalarial and antianaemic, abortifacient. Their DPPH radical scavenging activity and Folin-Ciocalteau phenolic content were used to create an antioxidant profile. The results revealed that alkaloid, tannin, and saponin were present in every section of the wood. Except for branch sapwood, triterpenoid and flavonoid were identified in all parts of the wood (Zhao N, et al., 2020).

Zingiber officinale (ginger)

Synonym: Ginger (Freethesaurus, 2021).

Family: Zingiberaceae

Chemical constituents: Ginger rhizomes consist of carbohydrates, lipids, terpenes and phenolic compounds. Terpene includes zingiberene, β-bisabolene, α-farneses, β-sesquiphellandrene, and α-curcumene some phenolic components are gingerols, paradols, and shogaol found in large quantity. Other shagol related compounds include 6-paradol, 1-dehydrogingerdione, 6-gingerdione, 10-gingerdione, 4-gingerdiol, 6-gingerdiol, 8-gingerdiol and 10-gingerdiol and diarylheptanoids (Mao QQ, et al., 2019; Liu Y, et al., 2019).

Medicinal and antioxidant property: It helps to reduce nausea, prevent nausea due to chemotheraoy, motion sickness, and surgery. It’s also essential remedy for nausea during pregnancy. It’s widely used for various GI problems such as morning sickness, colic, upset stomach, gas, bloating, heartburn, flatulence, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and dyspepsia. Other uses are pain relief for arthritis, muscle soreness, chest pain, low back pain, stomach pain and menstrual pain; treat upper respiratory tract infections, cough, and bronchitis and anti-inflammatory agent, lowers blood pressure (Figures 6a and 6b). It also used in treatment of cold and flu. The anti-oxidant capabilities of ginger (Zingiber officinale) were assessed using three parameters: Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and phenolic acid identification in Water Extract (WEG) and Ethanol Extract (EEG). FRAP, CUPRAC assay, Fe²⁺ chelating ability, DPPH and DMPD radical scavenging activities were used to determine antioxidant capacity. Folin Ciocalteu’s technique was also used to determine total phenolic and flavonoid content in both extracts. The HPLC-MS/MS method was used to identify the phenolic acids. In all experiments, the data showed that EEG had higher antioxidant activity than WEG. In all experiments, the data showed that EEG had higher antioxidant activity than WEG. According to HPLC-MS/MS study, ginger contains at least eight distinct phenolic acids, with pyrogallol p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid being the most prevalent in both extracts. This study clearly proved that ginger extracts have potent antioxidant activities, and that their consumption can help to prevent or delay the onset of diseases caused by oxidative stress in the absence of antioxidant supplements (Mbaveng AT and Kuete V, 2017; Stoilova I, et al., 2007).

Figure 6a: Zingiber officinale

Figure 6b: Zingiber officinale flowers and leaves

Nannochloropsis oculate and Gracilaria gracilis

Synonym: Picochlorum oculate, Flagellaria gracilis (stack house) (Wilson AJ and Critchley AT, 1997; Hussein HA, et al., 2020)

Family: Monodopsidaceae, Gracilariaceae

Chemical constituents: These algae have chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll c. They have high concentration of pigments such as astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and canthaxanthin. It includes polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenolic compounds, antioxidants, peptides, essential vitamins, and minerals (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Nannochloropsis oculate and Gracilaria gracilis

Medicinal and antioxidant property: This exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-cancer activities. Total phenol and flavonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, nitric oxide activity, iron chelation activity, and reducing power activity were all measured in the extracts. Both algae had substantial levels of total phenol and flavonoid content. Both algae’s ethyl acetate extracts were shown to have strong antioxidant activity (Ebrahimzadeh MA, et al., 2018).

Arisaema jacquemontii

Synonym: Arisaema cornutun, Arisaema exile (Himalayan wild food plants, 2021)

Family: Araceae

Chemical constituents: Alkaloids, phenols, terpenes, flavonoids, glucosides, tannins have been reported (Tabassum S, et al., 2019).

Medicinal and anti-oxidant properties: Anti-oxidant activity was been identified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) and ferric reducing power test (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Arisaema jacquemontii leaves

The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract is responsible for Anti-microbial and Anti-oxidant activities, natural anti-oxidant have attracted much interest because of their ability to scavenge free radicals. It is used in curing number of diseases such as cancer, Neurodegeneration, and inflammation. Also used as an Anthelmintic and in the treatment of respiratory infection, skin infection, anti-insect, anti-proliferative property, anti-convulsant property and an effect on platelet aggregation as an antidote for snake bites. It has high demand as natural anti-oxidant and food preservatives (Baba SA and Malik SA, 2015; Sudan R, et al., 2014; Ali H and Yaqoob U, 2021).

Cocculus hirsutus

Synonym: Broom creeper, Patalgarudi (India biodiversity, 2021)

Family: Menispermaceae

Chemical constituents: Alkaloids such as Jasminitine, Hirsutine, cohirsitine and their derivatives flavonoids like rutin, liquiritin, and quercetin terpentine derivatives like Hirsutus were reported same such constituents such as β-sitosterol and 28-acetylbotulin. And by preliminary pytochemical screening of the extract’s carbohydrates, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and saponins were determined (Thavamani BS, et al., 2014; Thakkar KN, et al., 2021).

Medicinal and antioxidant property: Its juice with sesame oil is applied on head to reduce the heat, treat stomach heat, blood dysentery. Prurigo, impetigo, eczema, ulcers, cuts, wounds, and other skin conditions are treated with the leaves. Urinary problems, fever, leucorrhoea, and acute gonorrhea are all treated with the leaves. Conjunctivitis and other eye problems can be treated using the leaves and stems. Dysentery and diarrhea are treated by taking the leaf powder orally. Stomach problems are treated using the stem. The bitter, alterative, and laxative roots are used to treat fevers, skin irritations, rheumatism, gout, syphilitic cachexia, and stomachaches in children. The stems and roots extract is used as a sedative, hypotensive, cardiotonic, and anti-inflammatory agent (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Cocculus hirsustus leaves and fruits

These fruits of Cocculus hirsutus (L) Diels was extracted with acidified methanol and used for phytochemicals and antioxidant activity analysis This compound possess beneficial health properties like antioxidant activity, free radical scavengers, protective effect against cardiovascular diseases, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenesis properties. Some fruits are good source of natural antioxidants including carotenoids, vitamins, phenols, flavonoids, dietary glucothionine and endogeneous metabolites and high level antioxidant capacity against free radical species, superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxides, nitric oxide and hydroxy radicals. These natural anti-oxidant activities of fruits induce reduction of disease in human, protein against tourn development (Swathi D, et al., 2013).

Benincasa hispida

Synonym: Ash gourd, white gourd (Khare CP, 2007).

Family: Curcurbitaceae

Chemical constituents: Benincasa hispida fruits contains volatile oils, flavonoids, glycosides, sacchrides, proteins, carotenes, vitamins, minerals, β-sitosterin and uronic acid (Al-Snafi AE, 2013).

Medical and antioxidant properties: It is used for gastrointestinal problems, respiratory disease, heart diseases, diabetes mellitus and urinary diseases. Fruits were traditionally used as a laxative, diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, jaundice, dyspepsia, fever and mental disorders. It’s mainly used in treatment of central nervous effects such as anxiolytic, musle relaxant, and antidepressant, in treatment of Alzheimer’s disesase and to minimize opiates withdrawal signs. It shows antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiasthmatic, diuretic, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antimicrobial effects (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Benincasa hispida leaves, flower, and fruit

The total phenolic content (CSF) denotes the antioxidant activity whereas DPPH and ABTS denote scavenging activity. The ethanolic extract gives the highest ethanolic content and antioxidant activity (Samad NB, et al., 2013; Ravindran S, 2010).

Sonchus asper

Synonym: Sow thistle, milk thistle (Freethesaurus, 2021).

Family: Asteraceae

Chemical constituents: It consists of vitamins and bioactive secondary metabolite. The presence of bioactive constituents comprises alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins. The medicinal plants contained ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, and niacin (Yu CX, et al., 2020) (Figure 11).

Figure 11: Sonchus asper flowers

Medicinal and antioxidant property: The extract of S.asper is applied to wounds and boils. The leaves and roots of the plant are used in indigestion and as a febrifuge, while its roots act as a vermifuge. Its stems are given as a tonic and sedative. Antioxidant activities including scavenging effects and iron-chelating activities have been reported. The plants of this genus show in vitro antioxidants potential. The biological assays revealed diverse antioxidant effects for the tested extracts (Xia DZ, et al., 2011; Khan RA, et al., 2012).

Discussion and Conclusion

In recent years, the search for non-toxic natural compounds with anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic characteristics has intensified. This study examines the antioxidant capacity of extracts from the stems, roots, bark, leaves, fruits, and seeds of a variety of important medicinal plants. Many plant species have antioxidant properties comparable to synthetic anti-oxidants such as Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and (BHA), which are currently used as food additives. We present a comprehensive profile of 11 medicinal herbs about their antioxidant activity. India is emporium of herbal medicinal plants. The antioxidant properties of some potent anti-oxidant are listed above which provides a glimpse on plants. This article is expected to be helpful in future studies concerning in vivo and in vitro studies for clinical and surgical studies.

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank our principal and faculties of Bapuji Pharmacy College, Shamanur Road, S.S. Lay-out, Davanagere-577004, Karnataka, India.

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